A content analysis of all hoaxes (N=292) related to the Covid-19 pandemic identified by the three accredited verification platforms in Spain during the first month of the declared state of alert is presented. by the three accredited verification platforms in Spain during the first month of the state of alarm decreed by the Government (14 March 2020 - 13 April 2020). by the Government (14 March 2020 - 13 April 2020). The study sample found that the hoaxes about the coronavirus were disseminated mainly on social networks and, among them, especially on closed ones, such as the mobile messaging application WhatsApp. It also detects the most frequent formal and content particularities of the falsified content. The results reveal that the pandemic, in addition to generating a large number of health and science hoaxes, almost one third of the a third of the sample, also led to the dissemination of a large number of false contents of topic political and governmental content. The article explores the formats, sources and territories of origin of the hoaxes. Beyond its empirical results, this study makes theoretical contributions to the framework of emerging studies on news disruption. In Specifically, it provides its own definition of hoaxes, as well as a typology in which four types of hoaxes are identified: hoax, exaggeration, decontextualisation and deception. Based on these four types, a 'hoax severity diagram' is proposed. of hoaxes¿.

The data verification platforms have become a movement that, born in the United States, has spread around the world. Its goal is to fight disinformation, misperceptions and fake news in the new communication ecosystem in which social networks are gaining relevance as source of information, and in which it is increasingly easy and affordable for billions of citizens to produce, edit and distribute (fake) information. Almost all the bibliography and case studies have focused on the United States. On the verification of data at Spanish, only the Spanish-language verification platforms that the Duke reporter¿s Lab included in 2018 in its database, as well as nine Spanish-language initiatives that have emerged since 2010 in average dozen Latin American countries, have been investigated. In this article, after a theoretical framework , we address the reality of fact checking in Spain. Through a qualitative analysis, we identify and analyze the verification websites and information checking activities in our country. This is complemented with interviews to journalists who have carried out fact checking initiatives in our environment. The reality of fact checking in Spain, as it is shown, is still in an incipient phase. Palabras core topic: Fact Checking; Spain; disinformation; verification of data; fake news; maldita.es; Newtral

Disciplines within knowledge domains are cross-cutting and shaped by the contributions of cultures and countries. In the field of journalism studies (as in many others), the force of Anglo-Saxon perspectives has outshined other approaches and attempts. Although every tradition-at least in Western culture-intertwines with others, they also have peculiarities that enrich the discussion. This article aims to introduce the Spanish-American tradition and, especially, the Spanish one regarding reflections on journalism studies as an academic discipline. The concern for endowing journalism with a disciplinary status has lingered on, particularly because of the passage from schools to universities. Here, in this transition, Spain is characterized by having sparked off a prolonged, intense discussion about the elements that define journalism as an academic discipline. Such a discussion has hardly taken place in Latin America. The method is based on a literature review focused on pioneering authors such as Martinez Albertos, Nunez-Ladeveze, and Casasus. Given the relevance of this reflection in Spain, this article elaborates further on the discussion and, as a conclusion, brings forward a renewed proposal for defining journalism and describing its subject matter, scope, multidisciplinary nature, and methods.

Martínez Albertos proposed in 1976 the term of Journalistic Writing (essay Periodística) for the academic reflections on the practice of Journalism. Since then, several Spanish authors have been concerned about the metadisciplinary issues in this academic field. Despite their differences, even the most critical ones among them accept the existence of a discipline that studies Journalism with a peculiar approach. This article, which chooses the name Periodística to designate the discipline, studies comprehensively and systematically the research in Journalism published between 1989 and 2012 in the main Spanish Communication Journals. The results, which are collected in a database, support that, beyond theoretical approaches, there is a wide and proportionately significant research in Journalism that justifies its academic recognition. Keywords: Jo

Journalism Studies as a field of research is still awaiting a clear delineation of their academic status, which, among other things, must respond to their nature, objectives, methodology and scope. In this discussion and in the case of Spain, we find rather scarce metadisciplinary contributions almost 45 years after the entrance of the Journalism into the University, although there has been numerous production of textbooks, and a very abundant and growing research, A relevant metadisciplinary contribution is that of Núñez-Ladevéze, whose research demonstrates and exemplifies the importance of an interdisciplinary approach, This note synthesizes how he understands the discipline, a stage of a larger project on the general history of the discipline, which requires a necessary in deep analysis of his work.

This article shows how epideictic rhetoric and argumentation may be interrelated in a general-interest newspaper framed as a single discourse produced by a collective author. by a collective author. In more specific terms, the view advanced here is that newspaper as whole has an epideictic dimension which, in terms of argumentation, is the fundamental or predominant one. The usefulness of this approach is twofold. In terms of rhetoric, to explore the applicability of epideictic rhetoric to journalistic discourse; and in the field of journalism studies, the goal is to draw on the theory of epideictic rhetoric so as to refine the conceptualization of the nature of argumentation in the newspaper as such. Given this twofold perspective, the account of newspaper discursive practices will be general, and the classical and contemporary epideictic theory will be briefly summarized. However, the outcome of this analysis is an example of a fruitful encounter between the two fields.

ICS The power of persuasion of the newspaper column is based on the personality and character of the columnist (López Pan, 1996). of the columnist (López Pan, 1996), which in terms of classical rhetoric corresponds to the ethics proof or ethos. Among the means available to build the columnist¿s ethos, there is one very frequent in the staff o literary columns: when the columnist appears as character in the text. This article shows how this rhetoric mechanism operates. When the character qualities of the columnist are mentioned explicitly ¿a direct description¿, it is constructed what Dascal, a discourse analyst, has called thematic ethos. When those qualities are not explicitly affirmed, but derive from the way the character acts, Dascal talks of nonthematic ethos, the most effective and the one that is explained in this academic article.

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