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C.104 - intro

C.104 - Case of the body repairer

"It is declared proven that at approximately 10 p.m. on Monday 17 August, Antonio R. O. returned to his home at No. 16 in the so-called "Barriada de los Quinteros" in U. after having spent workshop working in the sheet metal workshop that he ran together with his partner partner Patricio G. D. in that locality, having suffered during the afternoon from a severe headache which caused him to leave his work earlier than he usually did, [...] remained in the living room on the floor leave of the house, which is a semi-detached house, becoming increasingly nervous not only because of the headache which had not yet ceased but also and above all because of the discomfort caused by a transmitting device in the adjoining house, No. 15, which was emitting music from the radio, [...]. 15, which was playing loud music, [...] Antonio offered to go and tell the neighbour to lower the volume of the transmitter, but Isabel replied that she would go herself as she found him very nervous. With this intention, Isabel left the house and went to the next house, located at number 15, on the same street, which was the home of Marcos G. V. and his family. At the same time that Isabel was leaving the house, her husband thought about going up to the first floor where the bedrooms are located, with the intention of going to bed, but when he passed by the door of entrance of the house, which Isabel had left open when leaving moments before, he changed his mind and, thinking that it was his duty to accompany his wife, he decided to go out and approach the house of Marcos G. V., and when he had already determined his address, he went to the house of Marcos G. V. and his family. and when he had already determined his purpose he took from the television set one of the tools that he had left there on his return from work, specifically a kind of screwdriver 21 centimetres long [...]. With it in one of his hands, he went to the home of Marcos G. V., order where his wife was already there, who had asked Marcos to turn down the volume of the music system, who replied that he would do so immediately, so when he found himself in the front garden of the house he went inside the house when Antonio, who had already arrived there after jumping over the small fence that divides the garden of his house from that of his neighbours - a fence approximately 90 centimetres high - without saying a word, attacked Marcos with the aforementioned screwdriver, stabbing him in various parts of his body. In the face of this attack, Marcos tried to defend himself and they both fell to the ground, Antonio on top of Marcos, where he continued to stab him with the instrument while Marcos pushed him with the intention of getting him off him. When he got his purpose he tried to flee, being chased by Antonio R.O. [who] managed to catch up with Marcos and continued attacking him with the aforementioned instrument until he stopped moving [... and who died a few moments later, when Antonio himself was taking him to the Hospital]. Antonio R. O. prior to these events, he suffered frequent and severe headaches [... status , which framed his serious discomfort caused both by the headaches, absence crises and episodes of loss of control already mentioned, and by his own work as a sheet metal worker with a high level of noise that affected him - without him being aware of it - to which on 17 August was added the anguish of not being able to rest in his own home after the severe headache he was suffering, which he blamed on the volume of the music that Marcos G. V. [...], in such a way that these external and internal stimuli caused a mental short-circuit reaction as his personality or temperament could not withstand them, a reaction that provoked in him a twilight state that began when he left his house after having picked up the screwdriver and which did not cease until he saw Marcos G.'s body immobile, to whom he blamed all his ailments, during which time his volitional Schools was completely annulled and his intellectual or cognitive ones were greatly diminished. In the hours before this access that determined the crepuscular state and in the following hours, his Schools were determined and his consciousness and will were diminished, but by no means completely annulled".

(STS 14 April 1993; pte. Bacigalupo Zapater; RJ 1993, 3333. Cfr. Martín Lorenzo, "Caso del chapista", in Casos que hicieron doctrina in Criminal Law, pp.405-423.)

C.104_NB-AZUL

Is the agent liable for his or her past conduct?

C.104_soluc

I. We are asked to examine the criminal liability of Antonio R.O., who, according to the facts, used a 21 cm. long screwdriver to repeatedly stab his neighbour Marcos G. It is claimed that Antonio acted in "a short-circuit mental reaction... which provoked in him a crepuscular state that began when he left his house after having picked up the screwdriver and which did not cease until he saw Marcos' body immobile... his volitional Schools were completely annulled and his intellectual or cognitive ones were very diminished".

II. Without varying these events, it is worth distinguishing four different phases: first, the arrival at his house; second, his staying at home listening to the noises coming from the neighbour's house; third, the notice by his wife; fourth, his sudden arrival at Marcos' house and his attack on him with the screwdriver. Finally, Marcos' death occurs.

II.1. Analizaremos primero si concurre una conducta, para posteriormente valorar si es típicamente antijurídica. En las fases 1.ª-3.ª no cabe dudar de la existencia de una conducta humana, puesto que todo lo que hace lo hace como adopción de pautas de comportamiento, con autocontrol: vuelve del trabajo, cuando podía seguir allí, permanece en casa teniendo alternativas (ir a casa de Marcos o quedarse…). Distinto es lo que pueda suceder en la fase 4.ª: el presentarse de improviso y el acometimiento repentino plantea el problema de si se trata de un movimiento reflejo. En efecto, no cabe descartar que una persona empuñe un instrumento como ese en virtud de una fuerza que actúa sobre él sin que pueda oponer resistencia: ha de tratarse de una fuerza externa e irresistible. En los hechos se lee, sin embargo, que Antonio acude a la casa del vecino, que salta la valla, que una vez asestado el primer golpe, sigue golpeando a Marcos… Todo ello son indicios de que ese proceso no es un simple acto del hombre (meramente fisiológico), sino humano (susceptible de autocontrol, aunque sea mínimamente). Que se hallara en una situación psicológicamente condicionada (los hechos relatan «una reacción mental en cortocircuito… que provocó en él un estado crepuscular») no quiere decir que no desaparezca lo humano de ese proceso. En efecto, las pautas de conducta recibidas por educación indican que ante situaciones de tensión como esta todavía cabe mantener la calma, desviar la propia tensión…, cualquier cosa menos empuñar un instrumento así y clavarlo contra otra persona, aunque sea la fuente de sus cefaleas. Dicho proceso es, por tanto, una conducta, por ser humana y susceptible de autocontrol. Será oportuno abordar el análisis de esos condicionamientos psíquicos más adelante, en sede de culpabilidad.
II.2. ¿Colma dicha conducta el tipo de algún delito? Es la cuestión de la tipicidad, que ha de analizarse separadamente en lo objetivo y en lo subjetivo. En el aspecto objetivo, unos golpes punzantes con un destornillador pueden considerarse típicamente relevantes a efectos del delito del homicidio: además de causales, pueden entenderse como uno de los riesgos que el tipo de homicidio pretende prevenir (muertes por instrumentos punzantes como cuchillos, puñales…); y es ese riesgo, y no uno interpuesto por terceros o la propia víctima el que se realiza en el resultado (no hace falta reiterar ahora todos los elementos de la «imputación objetiva»). Las conductas situadas en las fases 1.ª-3.ª no plantean tipicidad alguna; mientras que la realizada en la 4.ª colma por tanto el tipo objetivo del art. 138 (homicidio).
En el aspecto subjetivo se podría afirmar sin lugar a dudas el dolo si no fuera porque Antonio obra en una situación de furor que parece hacerle desconocer lo que hacía (podría decir como excusa: «me obcequé, y no sabía lo que hacía»). Sin embargo, esa obcecación o furor no hace desaparecer el dolo. Conviene distinguir. Para el dolo se precisa únicamente el conocimiento del riesgo propio del tipo (objetivo), que en este caso es el riesgo propio de unas incisiones con el destornillador sobre el cuerpo de una persona viva. Y esto parece que sí fue objeto de representación (conocimiento) por parte de Antonio: si precisamente obra para acabar con el ruido de casa de su vecino, y va hacia él portando el destornillador, y le asesta un golpe, y luego, una vez en el suelo, sigue reiteradamente golpeándole, no cabe negar la existencia del conocimiento de que esos medios eran idóneos para hacer daño a una persona. Si además sabe que golpea reiteradamente y en partes vitales, habrá que aceptar que obraba con el dolo de matar que exige el tipo del art. 138. Se da por tanto el tipo subjetivo del homicidio.
II.3. Es cierto que Antonio obró en defensa de la paz y tranquilidad de su hogar, que se veía perturbada por el elevado volumen de la radio de su vecino. Pero dicho proceder del vecino no constituye una agresión típicamente antijurídica dolosa que permita obrar en legítima defensa frente a ella. Si acaso podría obrarse en estado de necesidad (agresivo, por cuanto hacer uso de un aparato doméstico de música aun a gran volumen, si no se dan otras circunstancias de horario…, es un riesgo permitido), causa de justificación que permite hacer muy poco: por ejemplo, la conducta pacífica de la esposa de Antonio que pide al vecino bajar el volumen sería la conducta adecuada en ese caso para hacer cesar la fuente de la molestia. En cambio, lo que hace Antonio no queda en absoluto abarcado por una causa de justificación. Su conducta es entonces antijurídica.
II.4. Otra cuestión es la de si Antonio es culpable de dicha conducta típicamente antijurídica. Para ser culpable ha de ser imputable, conocer la prohibición que recae sobre él en ese caso, y no hallarse en una situación de inexigibilidad de otra conducta. De estos dos últimos elementos no vemos problemas en el caso, pero se puede plantear que falte o al menos se vea disminuido el requisito de la imputabilidad de Antonio por verse afectado de un trastorno mental siquiera de carácter transitorio. En esta cuestión nos centramos ahora, retomando lo que quedó dicho más arriba al tratar de la conducta humana, a propósito de los condicionamientos psíquicos del agente.
Según la descripción de los hechos, diversos datos relevantes coinciden en el día de los hechos: «situación que enmarcaba su grave malestar ocasionado tanto por las cefaleas, crisis de ausencia y episodios de pérdida de control ya señalados, como por su propia actividad laboral de chapista con gran nivel de ruido que incidían –sin que él fuera consciente de ello– en su persona a lo que el día 17 de agosto se unió la angustia de no poder descansar en su propio domicilio después del fuerte dolor de cabeza que sufría lo que él achacaba al volumen de la música que tenía puesta Marcos». Todo ello parece explicar que a continuación se produjera una crisis nerviosa, que pudiera «perder la cabeza», que «perdiera los estribos», como se dice vulgarmente. No se trata ni de una situación de intoxicación, ni de enajenación, que haría al sujeto incapaz de percibir las reglas de conducta, u obrar conforme a esa comprensión. Se trata, más bien, de un estallido de furor, que produce un efecto de pérdida temporal de motivación normativa de su actuar: durante unos momentos no se guía mediante normas, sino que pierde todo control normativo de su conducta. Es lo que en palabras del código penal se denomina «trastorno mental transitorio» (art. 20.1.º.II), que de ser total y no provocado haría desaparecer la imputabilidad y con ella la culpabilidad del sujeto. Ante los datos reseñados, bien puede decirse que Antonio padeciera un trastorno de tal clase que le hace inimputable. Pero para ello se precisan dos elementos: que el trastorno sea de tal entidad que haga desaparecer la motivación mediante normas (el conocimiento de las normas o la capacidad de obrar conforme a ellas); y que no haya sido provocado por el sujeto, o que no hubiera sido evitado, si era debido prever la comisión del delito.
En cuanto a lo primero, no parece que el furor momentáneo y repentino haga desaparecer toda motivabilidad mediante normas en Antonio: Quizá fuese planteable que el primer golpe sí quedara al margen de la motivación normativa de la conducta humana. Pero resulta difícil creer que tanto el salir corriendo de su casa y saltar una verja, como los sucesivos golpes, enzarzado ya en una pelea con la víctima, quedaran al margen de la motivación normativa propia de la libertad humana. Recuérdese lo que se afirma en los hechos: «estado crepuscular que inicia al salir de su casa…, tiempo en el que tuvo anuladas por completo sus facultades volitivas y muy disminuidas las intelectivas o cognoscitivas, pero en modo alguno anuladas por completo». Por eso, entiendo que ya el trastorno con ser transitorio, no es de tal entidad que hace desaparecer la imputabilidad, aunque sí la disminuye. Más adelante se verá qué tratamiento penal dar a esta culpabilidad disminuida.

The idea of extraordinary imputation (in cases of actio libera in causa) goes back to Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Covarrubias, Pufendorf... Pufendorf writes in the middle of the 17th century: "Not only those events can be imputed in respect of which it is within our power at the present moment whether they happen or not, but also those whose production was at a previous moment within our range of action, in case we have lost that possibility through our own fault. The same applies to those things whose realisation is impossible for a person in his present state if he has been at fault in not being able to realise them" (Pufendorf, Elementorum Jurisprudentiae Universalis libri duo, 1660, Lib. II, axiom I, § 7).

[As for the latter, in view of the above, it would not be necessary to discuss the question of whether or not it was avoidable, since it has already been acknowledged that it does not make imputability disappear. However, for explanatory reasons, we will also analyse this element. It does not seem that the subject directly provoked the state of disorder, but it can be argued that he should have foreseen falling into this status. The so-called "actio libera in causa" structure then comes into play , by virtue of which a subject can be made manager even if at the time of a criminal offence result there is some cause that makes his guilt disappear. In this respect, the doctrine explains this possibility on the basis that the subject would have been carried out even before its execution in a state of unimputability (model of the criminality: the subject in question would begin to be carried out at the moment in which it begins to be deprived of culpability); or on the grounds that it is not fair for someone to be exempt from liability for a defect for which he himself is manager, so that it is necessary to impute even if some of the elements required for ordinary imputation are missing (model of the exception: the exception to the general rule that in order to be liable, a series of elements must be met requirements, which are not present here; in spite of this, it is imputed). This second thesis seems more reasonable than the first (because to say that Antonio started to kill when he began to feel headaches is inaccurate, to say the least). Therefore, it can be said that Antonio is responsible for the wilful death of Marcos, even if he was not imputable at that precise moment, provided that we can affirm - which is not easy - that it is Antonio's responsibility to avoid this kind of sudden violent reaction. Since we are dealing with a reaction of which we are not told that he had suffered similar episodes in the past, it does not seem that he knew what he could do in that state of disorder...]. Let us return to the argument.
At final, it must be affirmed that Antonio is guilty of the conduct of homicide, albeit with a diminished culpability. In view of the data mentioned in the facts, a serious attenuation could be considered, even that which corresponds to an incomplete exonerating circumstance (that of Article 20.1.II, in application of Article 21.1), which would lead to a reduction of the sentence by one or two Degrees.
II.5. Furthermore, the facts show how Antonio moved the victim to the hospital; this subsequent conduct could also be taken into account to mitigate the specific penalty: art. 21.5.ª, in subject of punishability.

III. In conclusion, Antonio is manager for the crime of murder, but with diminished culpability that can seriously mitigate the penalty (incomplete exoneration). It is also possible to apply security measures (arts. 99, 101, 104).

Cf. also C.13, C.102.

At final, in terms of guilt, Structures of extraordinary imputation operates in each of the categories that make up the former. Thus, i) for imputability (art. 20.1 and 2 CP), the "provocation" of a transient mental disorder status , as well as that of a state of intoxication will not lead to the exclusion of imputability, but rather to its restoration. Such provocation includes, of course, intentional provocation. But there is nothing to prevent the restoration of imputability also when there is prior negligence: when the agent is manager of his own defect, for not having taken the means to avoid it, when he could have done so. If, on the other hand, the fault of imputation is due to an unforeseeable factor, imputation will not be possible even by extraordinary means. Furthermore, ii) under knowledge of the unlawfulness (art. 14.3 PC) it is possible to make manager the subject of his own ignorance of the unlawfulness of the act, insofar as it is his responsibility to know the law specific to his field, depending on his circumstances, profession, activity... iii) For cases of inexigibility there is no express provision in the defence of insurmountable fear, which is the appropriate one.

  (i) unaccountability (ii) ignorance
of unlawfulness
(iii) unenforceability
Caused or not wilfully avoided Ordinary imputation Ordinary imputation Ordinary imputation
Foreseeable Extraordinary charge Extraordinary indictment:
reduction of sentence
Extraordinary charge
Fortuitous or unavoidable Non-imputation Non-imputation Non-imputation