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C.71 - intro

C.71 - Cherokee case

"That at around 8 p.m. on 16 May 2001, Juan Miguel together with his friend José Ignacio went to the Cherokee discotheque located at ... and finding the accused Aurelio at the bar, they went up to him and grabbed him by the neck and aggressively and violently dragged him out of the discotheque. Once outside [...] an altercation took place. That the accused [Aurelio], when he took the knife out of his waistcoat and opened it, had no intention of killing José Ignacio or aiming it at any specific place, he only had the intention of defending himself. That the accused, after taking the knife out of his waistcoat pocket and opening it, showed it to the victim. That the T-shirt worn by the victim had a hole in it caused by the knife used by the accused. That the wound that the accused had at the level of his left eyebrow was produced by the deceased José Ignacio. That the wound that the deceased has in the occipital region (back of the head) was produced when he fell backwards, after having been stabbed with the knife by the accused. That prior to the day on which the events occurred, the accused had been subjected to death threats, both verbal and in writing, by Juan Miguel, and had even threatened the accused with a knife. It is also proven that at the time of stabbing José Ignacio with the knife, the accused was being assaulted by Juan Miguel or other people and that he stabbed [...] with the sole purpose of repelling and preventing the aggression from continuing and with the sole intention of defending himself, considering that the use of the knife by the accused was necessary and appropriate to repel or prevent the blows he was receiving".

(Facts modified on the basis of those of the STS 5 November 2003; pte. Conde-Pumpido Tourón; RJ 2003, 7348.)

C.71_NB-AZUL

Does the Ordinance cover Aurelius' reaction?

C.71_soluc

I. In the facts considered proven by the Court of the Jury, which finally reach the Supreme Court, it is highlighted how the defendant Aurelio, after having been attacked by several people, assaulted José Ignacio, one of those attacking him, who was killed.

II. On the basis that these facts are as described, and without varying them, the following can be stated.

II.1. Respecto a si asestar un navajazo constituye una conducta humana, se afirma que nada hay en los hechos probados que ponga en duda la existencia de un acto humano, pues el altercado, sacar un arma, exhibirla, rechazar los golpes… ponen de manifiesto que Aurelio tenía algunas alternativas, que evidencian autocontrol. Que durante el altercado no pudiera huir, porque se hallaba rodeado, o agarrado por los agresores, no quita que tuviera alternativas a su actuar. Existe el mínimo de opciones que permite hablar de una conducta humana. Aurelio realiza, pues, una conducta humana.
II.2. Veamos si dicha conducta es además típica. No nos planteamos ahora la responsabilidad penal de los agresores, sino solo la de Aurelio, contra quien se dirigió el procedimiento penal en cuestión. En concreto, hay que preguntarse si el navajazo colma el tipo de «homicidio». Que el navajazo es causal de la muerte puede determinarse mediante la supresión mental de tal factor (fórmula heurística de la condicio sine qua non). Pero hay que analizar si, además, es típico: asestar un navajazo contra una persona viva despliega varios riesgos: desde el de malos tratos (golpear a una persona), al de homicidio (matarla), pasando por el de lesiones (menoscabar su salud) y daños (agujerear la camiseta). De entre dichos riesgos, nos vamos a centrar ahora en el de homicidio, cuya sanción, por ser mucho más grave, absorbería la de las otras infracciones. Que un navajazo sea mortal puede argumentarse si se tiene en cuenta la potencialidad lesiva de un cuchillo al atravesar partes vitales (en el tórax, pues se agujereó la camiseta), y riesgos como estos son los que la norma del homicidio (art. 138) pretende prevenir. Dicho riesgo se realiza en el resultado, por cuanto a la herida sigue la producción de un resultado sin que otros factores de riesgo se hubieran interpuesto. Por tanto, el riesgo de matar se realizó en el resultado, por lo que podemos concluir afirmando que la conducta colma el tipo del homicidio (art. 138). Esto, de momento, y a reservas de considerar después si concurre el tipo de una causa de justificación.
Analicemos a continuación si se puede imputar subjetivamente. Aurelio es conocedor de que lleva una navaja, de que la saca, la abre, la exhibe ante sus agresores. Que hubiera sacado él su propia arma permite afirmar que sabe que lleva un arma blanca. Pero más relevante es constatar que la extrae y la abre en presencia de los agresores, como se recoge en los hechos. A continuación, conociendo esto, la dirige contra uno de ellos: si sabe que una navaja es instrumento punzante y cortante, y que la acaba de abrir y la lleva en la mano, y que la dirige contra una persona viva, a la que atraviesa, conoce el riesgo propio del delito de homicidio. Que se considere probado que carecía de intención de matar y solo de defenderse puede inducir a confusión: la intención de defenderse no quita que tenga dolo de matar. Son cosas distintas: defenderse es algo que puede implicar en el caso concreto matar. Lo que ahora nos interesa argumentar es la existencia de dolo de matar, que en definitiva sí existe. Luego se realiza el tipo subjetivo del homicidio.
II.3. Se presentan problemas en cuanto a la concurrencia o no de una norma permisiva o facultativa, que dé lugar a aplicar el tipo de una causa de justificación. En efecto, Aurelio está siendo agredido, y es durante la agresión, y para repeler esta, cuando hace uso del arma. El ordenamiento prohíbe matar, pero no a costa de perder la propia vida frente a un agresor injusto. Los agresores han atacado a Aurelio, le han sacado a la fuerza, le rodean y golpean. Todo ello crea una situación de crisis para su propia vida, además de su integridad física, que le ponen en posición beneficiosa desde el punto de vista de la tutela que dispensa el ordenamiento para los bienes jurídicos: en casos extremos se permite defenderse, aunque para eso sea preciso dar muerte al agresor. Como ante una agresión dolosa grave e idónea las facultades de obrar son amplias, son también estrictos los requisitos exigidos. En concreto, el ordenamiento prevé que se dé una situación de agresión ilegítima previa: en este caso, se da, por los numerosos golpes de los muchos agresores; se trata además de una agresión dolosa, por parte de ellos contra Aurelio, como parece obvio; no se trata de una riña mutuamente aceptada, sino de una agresión unilateral de varios contra uno; además, es mientras dura esta agresión múltiple cuando Aurelio decide poner fin a la situación. Es decir, la agresión es grave, dolosa e idónea para lesionar o incluso matar, y además actual. Se cumple el primer requisito propio de una legítima defensa (agresión ilegítima). Ante dicha situación, el ordenamiento considera que es necesario defenderse: y esta necesidad de defenderse existe «en abstracto», por cuanto no hay deber de tolerar una agresión de esas características, sino que hay facultad de repelerla. Además, repeler una agresión así haciendo uso de la navaja, parece ser necesario en términos concretos, por cuanto se presenta como un medio racionalmente requerido por la particular situación en la que se halla: múltiples agresiones, provenientes de varios agresores, con amenazas de muerte previas… Se da, por tanto, el segundo requisito para que la defensa sea legítima (necesidad racional del medio empleado). Además, en tercer lugar, no tiene Aurelio un deber de tolerar aquello porque hubiera provocado previamente la situación, sino que fue él la víctima de un traslado forzoso fuera del local, seguido de varias agresiones, por lo que concurre el requisito final para hacer legítima una defensa (falta de provocación suficiente). En conclusión, se dan los elementos para la legítima defensa (art. 20.4.º): se cumple el tipo objetivo de la legítima defensa.
Lo cual exige además constatar que se da el tipo subjetivo: es preciso conocer lo que el tipo objetivo contiene. Y en este caso, el tipo describe una situación de agresión ilegítima previa, cosa que Aurelio percibía sin error alguno por su parte. Además, ha de representarse que actúa frente a la agresión y mientras esta dure, cosa que sí conoce, pues saca el arma, la abre, la exhibe y la usa, como ya quedó argumentado más arriba. Todo lo cual abona la existencia del conocimiento requerido para una causa de justificación como la de legítima defensa. Se cumple, por tanto, en lo subjetivo el tipo de la causa de justificación denominada «legítima defensa». Luego si la conducta queda amparada por una causa de justificación, la de legítima defensa (art. 20.4.º), no es finalmente antijurídica. El tipo objetivo y subjetivo de homicidio, inicialmente argumentado, se ve después justificado por la presencia de esta causa de justificación.
II.4. Siendo así, no procede preguntarse por la culpabilidad de Aurelio, ni por la punibilidad de su conducta.

III. In conclusion, we can state that Aurelio is not liable for unlawful conduct, but is justified by legitimate self-defence. This does not give rise to criminal or civil liability.

The fact that the legal system takes the side of the victim, or of the needy in the status crisis, does not mean that they are allowed to do anything. Rather, they are limited in what they can Schools do: what is permitted is to act in order to avert the status crisis that cannot be overcome in any other way - no more, no less. The Schools to act depends on the quality of the evil that threatens: the greater the destabilisation, the greater the Schools to act; the lesser the destabilisation, the lesser the Schools to act. For this reason, the margins of the Schools to act are greater in subject of legitimate self-defence (where there is a very serious initial aggression) than in subject of state of necessity (where this intrusion is lesser).

The mere status of crisis does not entitle to act. Given that the rule (in these cases, the optional rule ) governs conduct, and conduct has a goal and a subjective aspect, it is necessary that the crisis or necessity status actually exists and that it is known to the person who is immersed in it. Just as in prohibitive and omissive offences we require malice (knowledge of the risk of the conduct itself), in optional offences, or causes of justification, malice is also required. It is possible that to speak of malice (which is accompanied by negative connotations) is somewhat strange in subject of causes of justification, as those who act under the protection of the law enjoy its protection. For this reason, in the absence of a more neutral terminology , we can speak of knowledge of the factual crisis status .

If the agent's representation does not coincide with the extramental reality, we are once again before cases of divergence between the agent's representation (ex ante) and that reality (ex post). Just as the divergences of the agent can be by defect (he does not see what is in reality: L.5) or by excess ("sees" what is not in reality: L.4), and the causes of justification do not cease to be types, these divergences give rise to "errors". Therefore, also in terms of causes of justification there are errors of subject and errors of excess or attempts. An example of the first case can be seen in C.72, where the agent represents a crisis status , which does not exist in reality, however, ex post. The reverse status occurs when the agent is unaware that he is in a crisis status (ex post) that really exists. This is what happens in C.73. At this point, it is convenient to confront both cases with the Structures analysed in C.51 and C.41, respectively.

In short, the situations that can arise can be expressed as follows. On the one hand, (i) if the agent knows (ex ante) what actually occurs (ex post), we speak of a real cause of justification: only in these cases can we speak of a cause of justification, i.e. of a School to act even if it harms legal interests. On the other hand, (ii) a putative cause of justification is understood as that status in which the agent mistakenly believes that the prerequisites of the respective cause are present, but they are not present ex post, i.e. outside his mental representation. These cases are also referred to as "erroneous assumption of the prerequisites of the cause of justification". In such cases, the agent acts in the belief that there is a crisis for the legal assets, which does not exist outside of his representation. It is also possible, iii) that the agent represents himself to be creating a typically relevant or disapproved risk, when in reality there is a status in which the legal system allows him to act even if he harms legal assets: "ignorance of the factual status " which gives rise to justification. Here we are dealing with a case of divergence between the objective and the subjective part (not knowing what exists in the extramental reality, which is being attacked, for example). And, moreover, it is the opposite of the divergence we have seen in (ii): there, the agent did not represent himself to be creating an unapproved risk, but one that was C or justified by the legal system, when in reality it was something unlawful (he attacks the person he believes is attacking him, who was his friend who made a mistaken gesture); and now, on the other hand, he represents himself to be creating an unapproved risk when in reality the legal system approves or justifies his conduct (he attacks the person who was secretly pointing a gun at him, ready to shoot). These situations are different from those in which the agent is mistaken about the unlawfulness of his conduct: specifically, he may believe that he is covered by a cause of justification that in reality does not exist: (iv); or, conversely, that, believing himself to be acting outside the law, the conduct is justified: (v). These are two parallel Structures respectively to the previous ones and at the same time inverse to each other. Their study is subject proper to the field of guilt(L.11).

 

(i) Actual cause of justification: crisis exists ex ante and is confirmed ex post.
ii) Putative ground of justification: there is a crisis ex ante but not ex post (error of subject: imprudence). iii) Conversely, there is no ex ante crisis, but there is an ex post crisis (attempt).
(iv) He believes he is covered by a ground of justification that does not in fact exist (error, whether or not it can be overcome, as to unlawfulness). (v) Ignores being covered by a cause of justification that in reality does exist (impunity).