Miguel Ángel Martínez González, Full Professor of Preventive Medicine at the University of Navarra, gave the seminar "From the contrast of conventional hypotheses in science to the hypothesis of evolution", organized by the group of research 'Science, Reason and Faith' of the University of Navarra. of the University of Navarra.

Professor Martínez Gonzalez made reference letter to chance, a fundamental concept in the Theory of Evolution: "In theory, chance could explain any association or phenomenon of nature, however strange or improbable it might seem. But biostatistics, a basic tool of modern epidemiology, uses hypothesis testing to estimate the probability of finding a result at least as strange as the one observed, if everything were due merely to chance," he explained.

"Conventionally," he added, "when such a probability is leave, one rejects the hypothesis that chance could explain everything and asserts instead that there is astatistically significant association . These last two words have plagued the current scientific literature, perhaps with the exception of evolutionary biology, where they do not seem to be so abundant. But a mere association, however significant, does not prove causality."

For the Full Professor of Preventive Medicine, epidemiology is a step further, "because it uses a series of criteria and models to make the step from the 'statistically significantassociation ' to the authentic cause-effect relationship. In these models, the fraction attributable to causality is opposed to the fraction attributable to chance".

In reference letter to Darwinist positions, the expert did not deny that "evolution exists, but it is at least intriguing for an epidemiologist that radical evolutionism seems to equate chance with causality".